Survey of Environmental Geobiochemistry
نویسنده
چکیده
Part 1: The Earth and its Lithosphere Chemical composition and structure of the Earth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 The structure of the Earth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Primordial chemistry: Origin of the elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Formation and evolution of the earth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 The earth’s crust . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Composition and structure of soils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Part 2: The hydrosphere The hydrologic cycle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Oceanic circulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Composition of seawater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Geochemical processes involving the oceans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Chemical budgets of oceanic elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Part 3: The Atmosphere Structure of the atmosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Composition of the atmosphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Energy balance of the atmosphere and earth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Origin and evolution of the atmosphere. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 Part 4: The biosphere Chemistry and energetics of the life process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Biogeochemical evolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Oxygen and biogeochemical evolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Gaia: bioregulation of the environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
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